The Law of the Outlaw
Law and Order With, Within, and Beyond Criminal Groups
Abstract
This article introduces the special issue through a review of Francophone and Anglo-Saxon legal anthropology traditions, before situating the law of the outlaw within these and outlining its potential contribution towards the development of a pragmatic approach to law.
References
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Alliot, Michel. 1988. Les Systèmes Juridiques Africains. Paris : Les presses universitaires de France.
Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2006. Drugs and Democracy in Rio de Janeiro: Trafficking, Social Networks and Public Security. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Barkun, Michael. 1968. Law Without Sanctions: Order in Primitive Societies and the World Community. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Biolsi, Thomas. 1995. “Bringing the Law Back In: Legal Rights and the Regulation of Indian-White Relations on Rosebud Reservation.” Current Anthropology 36 (4): 543–571. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2744245.
Bohannan, Paul J. 1957. Justice and Judgment among the Tiv. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Carter, Jon Horne. 2022. Gothic Sovereignty: Street Gangs and Statecraft in Honduras. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Contreras, Randol. 2013. The Stickup Kids: Race, Drugs, Violence, and the American Dream. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cowen, Jane, Marie-Bénédicte Dembour, and Richard Wilson (eds.). 2001. Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Durkheim, Emile. 2007. De la Division du Travail Social. Paris : Les presses universitaires de France.
Eberhard, Christoph. 2009. « Au-delà de l’universalisme et du relativisme : L’horizon d’un pluralisme responsable. » Anthropologie et Sociétés 33 (3): 79–100. https://doi.org/10.7202/039682ar.
Englund, Harri. 2006. Prisoners of Freedom: Human Rights and the African Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Feltran, Gabriel. 2018. Irmãos: Uma História do PCC. Sao Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
Fortes, Meyer, and Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard. 1940. African Political Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fuller, Chris. 1994. “Legal Anthropology. Legal Pluralism and Legal Thought.” Anthropology Today 10 (3): 9–12. https://doi.org/10.2307/2783478.
Gambetta, Diego. 2009. Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Geertz, Clifford. 1983. Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.
Gluckman, Max. 1955. The Judicial Process among the Barotse of Northen Rhodesia. Glencoe: The Free Press.
Godelier, Maurice. 1982. La Production des Grands Hommes : Pouvoir et Domination Masculine chez les Baruya de Nouvelle-Guinée. Paris : Fayard.
Goodale, Mark. 2017. Anthropology of Law: A Critical Introduction. New York: New York University Press.
Griffiths, John. 1986. “What is Legal Pluralism?” The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 18 (24): 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.1986.10756387.
Hagedorn, John M. 2008. A World of Gangs: Armed Young Men and Gangsta Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Héritier, Françoise, and Élisabeth Copet-Rougier (ed.). 1990. Les Complexités de l’Alliance : Vol. I – Les Systèmes Semi-Complexes. Paris : Éditions des Archives Contemporaines.
Jaffe, Rivke. 2013. “The Hybrid State: Crime and Citizenship in Urban Jamaica.” American Ethnologist 40 (4): 734–748. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12051.
Lamotte, Martin. 2022. Au-delà du Crime : Ethnographie d’un Gang Transnational. Paris : CNRS éditions.
Latour, Bruno. 2002. La Fabrique du Droit : Une Ethnographie du Conseil d’État. Paris : La Découverte.
Le Roy, Etienne. 1972. « Réflexions sur une interprétation anthropologique du droit africain : Le Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Juridique ». Revue Juridique et Politique : Indépendance et Coopération 26 (3) : 427–448.
Llewellyn, Karl N., and Edward Adamson Hoebel. 1941. The Cheyenne Way: Conflict and Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Maine, Henry Sumner. 1861. Ancient Law: Its Connection with the Early History of Society, and Its Relation to Modern Ideas. London: John Murray.
Malinowski, Bronisław. 1922. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London: G. Routledge & Sons.
Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1926. Crime and Custom in Savage Society. New York: Harcourt. Brace & Co.
Mantilla, Jorge, and Andreas E. Feldmann. 2021. Criminal Governance in Latin America, in The Oxford Encyclopedia of International Criminology, edited by Edna Erez, and Peter Ibarra, online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://oxfordre.com/criminology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264079-e-697.
Maunier, René (éd.). 1931. Études de Sociologie et d’Ethnologie Juridiques. Paris : Domat-Montchrestien.
Mauss, Marcel. 1896. « La religion et les origines du droit pénal d’après un livre récent – M. R. Steinmetz. Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwickelung der Strafe. » Revue de l’Histoire des Religions 34: 269–295. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23660498.
Mauss, Marcel. 1897. « La religion et les origines du droit pénal d’après un livre récent – M. R. Steinmetz. Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwickelung der Strafe – 2e et dernier article. » Revue de l’Histoire des Religions 35: 31–60 & 428. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23661147.
Mayer, Margit, and Julie-Anne Boudreau. 2012. Social Movements in Urban Politics: Trends in Research and Practice, in The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics, edited by Peter John, Karen Mossberger, and Susan E. Clarke, 273–291. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Melhuus, Marit. 2012. Problems of Conception: Issues of Law, Biotechnology, Individuals and Kinship. New York: Berghahn.
Merry, Sally Engle. 1988. “Legal Pluralism.” Law and Society Review 22 (5): 869–896. https://doi.org/10.2307/3053638.
Merry, Sally Engle. 2006. “Transnational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle.” American Anthropologist 108 (1): 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.1.38.
Moore, Sally Falk. 1973. “Law and Social Change: The Semi-autonomous Social Field as an Appropriate Subject of Study.” Law and Society Review 7 (4): 719–746. https://doi.org/10.2307/3052967.
Morgan, Lewis Henry. 1877. Ancient Society, or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress, from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
Nader, Laura. 2002. The Life of the Law: Anthropological Projects. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Nader, Laura, and Harry F. Todd Jr. (ed.). 1978. The Disputing Process-law in Ten Societies. New York: Columbia University Press.
Naepels, Michel. 2011. Ethnographie, Pragmatique, Histoire : Un Parcours de Recherche à Houaïlou, Nouvelle-Calédonie. Paris : Editions de la Sorbonne. http://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/94420.
Pirie, Fernanda. 2013. The Anthropology of the Law. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
Poumarède, Jacques, and Jean-Pierre Royer (ed). 1987. Droit, Histoire et Sexualité. Lille: L’Espace Juridique.
Pospisil, Leopold. 1958. Kapauku Papuans and their Law. New Haven: Yale University.
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 1952 [1933]. Primitive Law, in Structure and Function in Primitive Society,
A. R. Radcliffe Brown, 212–219. Glencoe: The Free Press.
Roberts, Simon. 1978. “Do We Need an Anthropology of Law?” RAIN, April 25: 4 & 6–7. https://doi.org/10.2307/3032325.
Roberts, Simon. 1998. “Against Legal Pluralism: Some Reflections on the Contemporary Enlargement of the Legal Domain.” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 30 (42): 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.1998.10756517.
Roberts, Simon. 2005. “After Government? On Representing Law Without the State.” Modern Law Review 68 (1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2005.00526.x.
Rocha, José-Luis. 2019. En el barrio está el método: Reflexiones sobre la investigación de las pandillas juveniles, in Rostros de la Violencia en Centroamérica: Abordajes y Experiencias desde la Investigación Social, edited by Daniel Núñez, 245–66. Ciudad de Guatemala: FLACSO.
Rodgers, Dennis. 2006. “Living in the Shadow of Death: Gangs. Violence and Social Order in Urban Nicaragua. 1996–2002.” Journal of Latin American Studies 38 (2): 267–292. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X0600071X.
Rodgers, Dennis. 2018. « Pour une ‹ ethnographie délinquante › : Vingt ans avec les gangs au Nicaragua. » Cultures et Conflits 110/111(2–3) : 59–76. https://doi.org/10.4000/conflits.20235.
Rodgers, Dennis. 2021. Gang Governance in the Tropics: The Political Economy of Violence and Social Order in Contemporary Nicaragua, in Routledge International Handbook of Critical Gang Studies, edited by David C. Brotherton et Rafael Gude, 399–411. New York: Routledge.
Rouland, Norbert. 1988. Anthropologie Juridique. Paris : Les presses universitaires de France.
Saillant, Francine, and Karoline Truchon (eds.). 2012. Droits et Cultures en Mouvements. Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval.
Santos, Boaventura de Sousa. 1987. “Law: A Map of Misreading – Toward a Post-Modern Conception of Law.” Journal of Law and Society 14 (3): 279–302.
Schapera, Isaac. 1938. A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom: Compiled for the Bechuanaland Protectorate Administration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Starr, June, and Jane Collier (eds.). 1989. History and Power in the Study of Law: New Directions in Legal Anthropology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Strathern, Marilyn. 1985. “Discovering ‘Social Control’.” Journal of Law and Society 12 (2): 111–134. https://doi.org/10.2307/1409963.
Tamanaha, Brian. 2001. A General Jurisprudence of Law and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Vanderlinden, Jacques. 1972. Le pluralisme juridique : Essai de synthèse, in Le Pluralisme juridique, edited by John Gilissen, 19–56. Bruxelles : Université Libre de Bruxelles.
Varese, Federico. 2018. Mafia Life: Love, Death, and Money at the Heart of Organized Crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Verdier, Raymond. 1980. La Vengeance : La Vengeance dans les Sociétés Extraoccidentales. Paris : Editions Cujas.
von Benda-Beckmann, Franz. 1970. Rechtspluralismus in Malawi Geschichtliche Entwicklung und heutige Problematik eines ehemals Britischen Kolonialgebiets. München: Weltforum Verlag.
Weegels, Julienne. 2018. “Performing Prison: Power, Agency and Co-Governance in Nicaraguan Prisons.” PhD diss., Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Alliot, Michel. 1988. Les Systèmes Juridiques Africains. Paris : Les presses universitaires de France.
Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2006. Drugs and Democracy in Rio de Janeiro: Trafficking, Social Networks and Public Security. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Barkun, Michael. 1968. Law Without Sanctions: Order in Primitive Societies and the World Community. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Biolsi, Thomas. 1995. “Bringing the Law Back In: Legal Rights and the Regulation of Indian-White Relations on Rosebud Reservation.” Current Anthropology 36 (4): 543–571. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2744245.
Bohannan, Paul J. 1957. Justice and Judgment among the Tiv. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Carter, Jon Horne. 2022. Gothic Sovereignty: Street Gangs and Statecraft in Honduras. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Contreras, Randol. 2013. The Stickup Kids: Race, Drugs, Violence, and the American Dream. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cowen, Jane, Marie-Bénédicte Dembour, and Richard Wilson (eds.). 2001. Culture and Rights: Anthropological Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Durkheim, Emile. 2007. De la Division du Travail Social. Paris : Les presses universitaires de France.
Eberhard, Christoph. 2009. « Au-delà de l’universalisme et du relativisme : L’horizon d’un pluralisme responsable. » Anthropologie et Sociétés 33 (3): 79–100. https://doi.org/10.7202/039682ar.
Englund, Harri. 2006. Prisoners of Freedom: Human Rights and the African Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Feltran, Gabriel. 2018. Irmãos: Uma História do PCC. Sao Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
Fortes, Meyer, and Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard. 1940. African Political Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fuller, Chris. 1994. “Legal Anthropology. Legal Pluralism and Legal Thought.” Anthropology Today 10 (3): 9–12. https://doi.org/10.2307/2783478.
Gambetta, Diego. 2009. Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Geertz, Clifford. 1983. Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.
Gluckman, Max. 1955. The Judicial Process among the Barotse of Northen Rhodesia. Glencoe: The Free Press.
Godelier, Maurice. 1982. La Production des Grands Hommes : Pouvoir et Domination Masculine chez les Baruya de Nouvelle-Guinée. Paris : Fayard.
Goodale, Mark. 2017. Anthropology of Law: A Critical Introduction. New York: New York University Press.
Griffiths, John. 1986. “What is Legal Pluralism?” The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 18 (24): 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.1986.10756387.
Hagedorn, John M. 2008. A World of Gangs: Armed Young Men and Gangsta Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Héritier, Françoise, and Élisabeth Copet-Rougier (ed.). 1990. Les Complexités de l’Alliance : Vol. I – Les Systèmes Semi-Complexes. Paris : Éditions des Archives Contemporaines.
Jaffe, Rivke. 2013. “The Hybrid State: Crime and Citizenship in Urban Jamaica.” American Ethnologist 40 (4): 734–748. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12051.
Lamotte, Martin. 2022. Au-delà du Crime : Ethnographie d’un Gang Transnational. Paris : CNRS éditions.
Latour, Bruno. 2002. La Fabrique du Droit : Une Ethnographie du Conseil d’État. Paris : La Découverte.
Le Roy, Etienne. 1972. « Réflexions sur une interprétation anthropologique du droit africain : Le Laboratoire d’Anthropologie Juridique ». Revue Juridique et Politique : Indépendance et Coopération 26 (3) : 427–448.
Llewellyn, Karl N., and Edward Adamson Hoebel. 1941. The Cheyenne Way: Conflict and Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Maine, Henry Sumner. 1861. Ancient Law: Its Connection with the Early History of Society, and Its Relation to Modern Ideas. London: John Murray.
Malinowski, Bronisław. 1922. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London: G. Routledge & Sons.
Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1926. Crime and Custom in Savage Society. New York: Harcourt. Brace & Co.
Mantilla, Jorge, and Andreas E. Feldmann. 2021. Criminal Governance in Latin America, in The Oxford Encyclopedia of International Criminology, edited by Edna Erez, and Peter Ibarra, online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://oxfordre.com/criminology/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.001.0001/acrefore-9780190264079-e-697.
Maunier, René (éd.). 1931. Études de Sociologie et d’Ethnologie Juridiques. Paris : Domat-Montchrestien.
Mauss, Marcel. 1896. « La religion et les origines du droit pénal d’après un livre récent – M. R. Steinmetz. Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwickelung der Strafe. » Revue de l’Histoire des Religions 34: 269–295. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23660498.
Mauss, Marcel. 1897. « La religion et les origines du droit pénal d’après un livre récent – M. R. Steinmetz. Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwickelung der Strafe – 2e et dernier article. » Revue de l’Histoire des Religions 35: 31–60 & 428. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23661147.
Mayer, Margit, and Julie-Anne Boudreau. 2012. Social Movements in Urban Politics: Trends in Research and Practice, in The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics, edited by Peter John, Karen Mossberger, and Susan E. Clarke, 273–291. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Melhuus, Marit. 2012. Problems of Conception: Issues of Law, Biotechnology, Individuals and Kinship. New York: Berghahn.
Merry, Sally Engle. 1988. “Legal Pluralism.” Law and Society Review 22 (5): 869–896. https://doi.org/10.2307/3053638.
Merry, Sally Engle. 2006. “Transnational Human Rights and Local Activism: Mapping the Middle.” American Anthropologist 108 (1): 38–51. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.1.38.
Moore, Sally Falk. 1973. “Law and Social Change: The Semi-autonomous Social Field as an Appropriate Subject of Study.” Law and Society Review 7 (4): 719–746. https://doi.org/10.2307/3052967.
Morgan, Lewis Henry. 1877. Ancient Society, or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress, from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
Nader, Laura. 2002. The Life of the Law: Anthropological Projects. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Nader, Laura, and Harry F. Todd Jr. (ed.). 1978. The Disputing Process-law in Ten Societies. New York: Columbia University Press.
Naepels, Michel. 2011. Ethnographie, Pragmatique, Histoire : Un Parcours de Recherche à Houaïlou, Nouvelle-Calédonie. Paris : Editions de la Sorbonne. http://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/94420.
Pirie, Fernanda. 2013. The Anthropology of the Law. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
Poumarède, Jacques, and Jean-Pierre Royer (ed). 1987. Droit, Histoire et Sexualité. Lille: L’Espace Juridique.
Pospisil, Leopold. 1958. Kapauku Papuans and their Law. New Haven: Yale University.
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. 1952 [1933]. Primitive Law, in Structure and Function in Primitive Society,
A. R. Radcliffe Brown, 212–219. Glencoe: The Free Press.
Roberts, Simon. 1978. “Do We Need an Anthropology of Law?” RAIN, April 25: 4 & 6–7. https://doi.org/10.2307/3032325.
Roberts, Simon. 1998. “Against Legal Pluralism: Some Reflections on the Contemporary Enlargement of the Legal Domain.” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 30 (42): 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.1998.10756517.
Roberts, Simon. 2005. “After Government? On Representing Law Without the State.” Modern Law Review 68 (1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2005.00526.x.
Rocha, José-Luis. 2019. En el barrio está el método: Reflexiones sobre la investigación de las pandillas juveniles, in Rostros de la Violencia en Centroamérica: Abordajes y Experiencias desde la Investigación Social, edited by Daniel Núñez, 245–66. Ciudad de Guatemala: FLACSO.
Rodgers, Dennis. 2006. “Living in the Shadow of Death: Gangs. Violence and Social Order in Urban Nicaragua. 1996–2002.” Journal of Latin American Studies 38 (2): 267–292. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022216X0600071X.
Rodgers, Dennis. 2018. « Pour une ‹ ethnographie délinquante › : Vingt ans avec les gangs au Nicaragua. » Cultures et Conflits 110/111(2–3) : 59–76. https://doi.org/10.4000/conflits.20235.
Rodgers, Dennis. 2021. Gang Governance in the Tropics: The Political Economy of Violence and Social Order in Contemporary Nicaragua, in Routledge International Handbook of Critical Gang Studies, edited by David C. Brotherton et Rafael Gude, 399–411. New York: Routledge.
Rouland, Norbert. 1988. Anthropologie Juridique. Paris : Les presses universitaires de France.
Saillant, Francine, and Karoline Truchon (eds.). 2012. Droits et Cultures en Mouvements. Québec: Presses de l’Université Laval.
Santos, Boaventura de Sousa. 1987. “Law: A Map of Misreading – Toward a Post-Modern Conception of Law.” Journal of Law and Society 14 (3): 279–302.
Schapera, Isaac. 1938. A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom: Compiled for the Bechuanaland Protectorate Administration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Starr, June, and Jane Collier (eds.). 1989. History and Power in the Study of Law: New Directions in Legal Anthropology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Strathern, Marilyn. 1985. “Discovering ‘Social Control’.” Journal of Law and Society 12 (2): 111–134. https://doi.org/10.2307/1409963.
Tamanaha, Brian. 2001. A General Jurisprudence of Law and Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Vanderlinden, Jacques. 1972. Le pluralisme juridique : Essai de synthèse, in Le Pluralisme juridique, edited by John Gilissen, 19–56. Bruxelles : Université Libre de Bruxelles.
Varese, Federico. 2018. Mafia Life: Love, Death, and Money at the Heart of Organized Crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Verdier, Raymond. 1980. La Vengeance : La Vengeance dans les Sociétés Extraoccidentales. Paris : Editions Cujas.
von Benda-Beckmann, Franz. 1970. Rechtspluralismus in Malawi Geschichtliche Entwicklung und heutige Problematik eines ehemals Britischen Kolonialgebiets. München: Weltforum Verlag.
Weegels, Julienne. 2018. “Performing Prison: Power, Agency and Co-Governance in Nicaraguan Prisons.” PhD diss., Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Published
2024-01-03
How to Cite
Rodgers, Dennis, and Martin Lamotte. 2024. “The Law of the Outlaw: Law and Order With, Within, and Beyond Criminal Groups”. Swiss Journal of Sociocultural Anthropology 29 (1):21-37. https://doi.org/10.36950/sjsca.2023.29.10222.
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